Rohingyas and Myanmar   #CSE(pre) 2021 #NDA #CDS #CAPF #UPSC #RAS #SI #RPSC #RAS_Mains

Why in News

The High Court of Manipur has ordered safe passage to seven Myanmar nationals, stranded at a border town in Manipur, to travel to the  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)in New Delhi.

• The seven nationals entered India secretly after the military coup in Myanmar.
• The coup returned Myanmar to full military rule after a short span of quasi-democracy that began in 2011, when the military, which had been in power since 1962, implemented parliamentary elections and other reforms.
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Key Points

• Observation made by Manipur HC:
  
  
  • Although India has no clear refugee protection policy or framework, it does grant asylum to a large number of refugeesfrom the neighbouring country.
    
    
    • India usually respects UNHCR’s recognition of the status of such asylum seekers, mainly from Afghanistan and Myanmar.
  • Though India is not a party to the UN Refugee Conventions, it is a party to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
  • Article 21 of the Constitutionencompasses the right of non-refoulement.
    
    
    • Non-refoulementis the principle under international law which states that a person fleeing persecution from his own country should not be forced to return to his own country.
  • India-Myanmar Border:
    • Bordering States:India and Myanmar share a 1,643 km border and people on either side have familial ties.
      
      
      • Arunachal Pradeshshares 520 kms.
      • Nagalandshares 215 kms.
      • Manipurshares 398-km.
      • Mizoramshares 510-km.
      • The border along the four states is unfenced and porous.
      • 
    • Free Movement Regime (FMR):
      
      
      • A Free Movement Regime (FMR) exists between India and Myanmar.
      • Under FMR, every member of the hill tribes, who is either a citizen of India or a citizen of Myanmar and who is resident of any area within 16 kmon either side of the Indo-Myanmar Border (IMB) can cross the border with a border pass (with one-year validity) issued by the competent authority and can stay up to two weeks per visit.
    • Recent Influx of People from Myanmar:
      
      
      • India already has a lot of Rohingyamigrated from 
        
        
        • Rohingyas are ethnic Muslimsof Myanmar living in Rakhine province in the Arakan region.
        • About 1,68,000 Rohingyas had fled Myanmar since 2012, when clashes with Buddhists erupted in the trouble-torn Arakan region.
      • Since the Myanmar Army seized poweron 1^st February 2021, there has been an influx of people into India’s north eastern states.
        
        
        • Many of them are democracy activists belonging to the Chin ethic group, or policemen who said they disobeyed orders to shoot at protesters.
        • 
      • India’s Stand on Refugees:
        
        
        • India has welcomed refugees in the past, and on date, nearly 3,00,000 people here are categorised as refugees. But India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its1967 Protocol. Nor does India have a refugee policy or a refugee law of its own.
        • This has allowed India to keep its options open on the question of refugees.The government can declare any set of refugees as illegal immigrants — as has happened with Rohingya despite the UNHCR verification — and decide to deal with them as trespassers under the Foreigners Act or the Indian Passport Act.
        • The closest India has come to a refugee policy in recent years is the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, which discriminates between refugees on the basis of religion in offering them Indian citizenship.

United Nations Refugee Convention 1951

• It is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who is a refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum.
• It also set out which people do not qualify as refugees, such as war criminals.
• It grants certain rightsto people fleeing persecution because of race, religion, nationality, affiliation to a particular social group, or political opinion.
• It builds on Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution in other countries.
• The 1967 Protocolincluded refugees from all countries as opposed to the 1951 Convention that only included refugees from Europe.
• India is not a partyto this convention.
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a UN Refugee Agencyand a global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting the rights and building a better future for refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people.
• It was created in 1950to help millions of Europeans who had fled or lost their homes.
• It is headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.