• Start the answer by writing a few introductory lines about Jawahar Lal Nehru.
• Briefly explain the challenges faced by the newly independent India.
• Discuss Nehru’s role in post independence consolidation and nation building with his visionary approach.
• Conclude by summarizing the immense contributions of Nehru in the making of Modern India.

Introduction 

• Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of Independent India is widely acclaimed as one of the architects of modern India.
• His remarkable personality was an unusual combination of an intellectual and a practical political leader.
• The role that he played in the long struggle for national freedom, and later as one of the greatest political leaders of free India, has had a profound impact on the modern politics of the country.

Body

Challenges Faced by the Newly Independent India

• India was born in very difficult circumstances. Freedom came with partition of the country. The year 1947 was a year of unprecedented violence and trauma of displacement.
• It was in this situation that independent India started on its journey to achieve several objectives.
• Yet the turmoil that accompanied independence did not make our leaders lose sight of the multiple challenges that faced the new nation.
• Broadly, independent India faced the following challenges:
  
  • The first and the immediate challenge was to shape a nation that was united yet accommodative of the diversity.
    
    • India was a land of continental size and diversity. Its people spoke different languages and followed different cultures and religions.
    • At that time it was widely believed that a country full of such kinds of diversity could not remain together for long.
    • The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. Hence, consolidation of the country was one of the biggest challenges.
  • The second challenge was to establish democracy.
    
    • Everybody agreed on running the country through democratic government.
    • However, a democratic constitution is necessary but not sufficient for establishing democracy. The challenge was to develop democratic practices in accordance with the constitution.
  • The third challenge was to ensure the development and well being of the entire society and not only of some sections.
    
    • The constitution laid down the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religious and cultural communities.
    • But, the real challenge was to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty.
  • The fourth challenge was to have a new foreign policy.
    
    • India had just gained independence from Britishers. The leaders feared that joining any of the two blocs (USA and USSR) might be a risk to the country’s autonomy and compromising independence.

Nehru’s role in overcoming these challenges

• Consolidation of the nation: Nehru took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities. He established the State Reorganization Committee to fulfil regional aspirations of the people which would lower the chances of them wanting to cede from the nation. This way he strengthened the unity.
• Rehabilitation of refugees: Refugees from Pakistan were given shelter and attempts were made to reduce communalism.
• Secularism: It was mainly due to Jawahar Lal Nehru’s efforts that India emerged as a secular state in the mid-twentieth century. Much before independence, he played a heroic role in the development of a secular basis for Indian polity. This helped in building the narrative of ‘Unity in Diversity’.
• Welfare state: Nehru was a practical idealist and believed that socialism and democracy were not contradictory but complementary to each other. He wanted to build a welfare state for the equitable distribution of wealth.
• Planning Commission: Nehru, a pragmatic socialist understood the importance of the welfare state in a country which does not have sufficient infrastructure, established a planning commission for long term planning of social schemes.
• Non-Alllignment Policy (NAM): Nehru, being the Foreign Minister, did not want to join either of the power blocs. Also he did not want India to remain aloof from world politics. Therefore, Nehru’s visionary approach to establish NAM with other third world countries proved to be an ideal foreign policy approach.

• India being a founder and largest member in NAM was an active participant in NAM meetings till 1970s but India’s inclination towards erstwhile USSR created confusions in smaller members. It led to the weakening of NAM and small nations drifted towards either US or USSR. Further disintegration of USSR led the unipolar world order dominated by US. India’s New Economic Policy and inclination towards US raised questions over India’s seriousness over non alignment. Prime Minister of India skipped the 17th Non Aligned Movement (NAM) summit held in Venezuela in 2016, it was only second such instance when Head of a state didn’t participate in NAM conference. Moreover, NAM continued losing relevance for India in a unipolar world, especially after the founding members failed to support India during crisis. For instance, during 1962 War with China, Ghana and Indonesia, adopted explicitly pro-China positions. During 1965 and 1971 wars, Indonesia and Egypt took an anti India stance and supported Pakistan. India in particular, but also most other NAM countries, have integrated themselves to varying degrees within the liberal economic order and have benefited from it. India is a member of the G20 and has declared itself as a nuclear weapons power and has for all practical purposes abandoned the call for global nuclear disarmament. India has also engaged itself with new and old global powers. India joining the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a coalition seen by many as a counterforce to China’s rise in the Indo-Pacific and Shanghai cooperation organisation led by China shown India’s balancing approach in new world order. India is striving hard for a multipolar world order and asserting itself as one of the player. Multi polar world order is very much closed to NAM principles.

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Conclusion

Nehru’s contribution to India can never be truly evaluated. Despite facing daunting tasks he was successful in maintaining and strengthening the nation. Carrying the traditions of the national movement, he nurtured the newly born nation, India.